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- SCIENCE, Page 57Great Bubbles in the CosmosA celestial map reveals clues to the Big Bang and invisiblematterBy Michael D. Lemonick
-
-
- For all their skill at finding and analyzing such bizarre
- objects as black holes, neutron stars and quasars, astronomers have
- so far failed to solve one of the most basic mysteries of the
- cosmos: What does the universe look like? The heavens appear just
- as two dimensional through powerful modern telescopes as they did
- to the eyes of the ancient Greeks, and until recently, no one could
- say for sure whether the myriad galaxies were organized in some
- meaningful way. Astrophysicists are fiercely competing to discover
- how the universe evolved into its present structure, but they
- cannot test their theories until they know what that structure is.
-
- Now astronomy's ignorance is rapidly being dispelled, thanks
- in large part to two researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center
- for Astrophysics (CfA). Since 1985, Margaret Geller and John Huchra
- have been meticulously crafting a three-dimensional map that charts
- the positions of thousands of galaxies. Last week, in the journal
- Science, they presented their latest map of one small chunk of the
- visible universe, and the findings are startling.
-
- Far from being a uniformly distributed collection of galaxies,
- as the textbooks have long assumed, the cosmos seems to be
- organized into immense bubbles, each of them about 150 million
- light-years across. The walls of the bubbles are galaxies, and the
- interiors appear to be virtually empty. Most surprising of all is
- a feature Geller and Huchra call the "Great Wall" -- a sheet of
- galaxies at least 200 million light-years wide, 500 million long
- and perhaps 15 million thick. It looks like a single structure, but
- the scientists say it may instead be made up of the walls of
- adjacent bubbles. Says Geller: "Because it runs off the edge of our
- survey, we don't know how big it really is."
-
- The CfA study is not the first to see dark voids and large
- conglomerations of galaxies, but it is by far the most
- comprehensive. The reason no one had done such a search earlier,
- says Huchra, is that galaxy mapping is extremely time consuming.
- Their survey of 4,000 galaxies took about 1,000 hours of telescope
- time.
-
- Huchra, who made the telescopic observations for the
- Harvard-Smithsonian team, used an instrument called a spectrograph
- to break down each galaxy's light into its constituent colors.
- Within the spectrum he could see lines representing various
- elements in and around the galaxy's stars. These lines appear to
- be shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, depending on how
- fast the galaxy is moving and thus how far away from earth it is.
- By carefully measuring the degree of red shift, Huchra and Geller
- calculated the relative positions of the galaxies.
-
- The results are posing something of a problem for theorists.
- Says Jeremiah Ostriker, chairman of Princeton's astrophysics
- department: "There is no theory using conventional physics that can
- explain these structures without causing other inconsistencies."
- Ostriker has coauthored a quite unconventional scenario involving
- hypothetical objects called cosmic strings. These strings, he
- believes, could generate explosive bursts of energy that would in
- turn create the bubbles.
-
- But another idea, called the cold dark matter theory, has
- gathered more support. This theory postulates an as yet
- undiscovered form of exotic subatomic particle that pervades the
- universe. The presence of this mysterious "dark matter" could
- explain why most galaxies -- including our Milky Way -- seem,
- judging from measurements of gravitational forces, to contain about
- ten times as much invisible matter as they do visible stars, gas
- and dust. The existence of dark matter is needed to fill the gaps
- in some of the Grand Unified Theories that physicists have
- concocted to account for the fundamental structure of matter and
- energy.
-
- In particular, some scientists speculate that cold dark matter
- caused galaxies to form into the kind of bubbles Geller and Huchra
- have found. The process supposedly got under way 10 billion to 20
- billion years ago, when the universe began with the Big Bang and
- the energy from that explosion started to condense into matter.
- Since then, ordinary visible matter, by itself, has probably not
- had time to gather into enormous structures. But cold dark matter
- may have condensed first, and its gravitational force could have
- helped pull visible matter into bubbles and galaxies. In fact,
- recent computer simulations at Princeton of a universe dominated
- by cold dark matter look remarkably like the real one.
-
- But that theory received a jolt from another astronomical
- discovery announced this week. Scientists from Caltech, Princeton
- and the Institute for Advanced Study have detected the most distant
- quasar (an exceptionally bright starlike object) ever spotted. It
- is billions of light-years away, and the researchers estimate that
- it existed when the universe was only 7% of its present age. It is
- hard to explain how a quasar could be formed that early, even under
- the influence of cold dark matter.
-
- Another major mystery is the fact that the faint glow of
- microwaves left over from the Big Bang is almost completely
- uniform. The presence of large bubbles in the universe suggests
- that this microwave radiation should be much more uneven. More
- clues may come from the new Cosmic Background Explorer satellite,
- which is designed to measure radiation intensities as it orbits the
- earth in the coming year.
-
- In the meantime, the CfA study will go on, and other mapping
- efforts are in the works. "Big as it is," Geller explains, "our
- survey area compared with the visible universe is like Rhode Island
- compared with the surface of the earth." The bubbles and walls
- could be isolated phenomena. But, notes Geller: "Every survey ever
- done has contained structures as big as the survey could contain."
- If that trend continues, then there are larger objects yet to be
- found, which will give theorists even worse headaches. "These
- surveys test in the most acute way our conceptions of how structure
- developed in the universe," says Ostriker, "and for that reason
- they are possibly the most important studies in extragalactic
- astrophysics now. This is an exciting time to be in this field."